Quality of silage produced from intercropped corn RR and soybeans RR / Qualidade de silagem produzida a partir de milho rr consorciado com soja RR

The objective of this study was to produce silage from intercropped RR glyphosate tolerant corn (RR - Roundup Ready) and RR soybeans under Brazilian Cerrado conditions. The research was carried out in off-season between February and June 2015, in Rio Verde, Goiás (Brazil). In the experimental period the rainfall was 865 mm and the average temperature of 23.7°C. Two trials were performed. The first had corn rows spaced in 1 m with a row of soybeans in the interrow. The second had double corn rows interspersed with one row of soybeans, all spaced in 0.50 m. In both trials, we used a randomized block design, in a 2x2+3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Primary factor consisted of two types of pre-sowing fertilization: one only in corn rows and the other over the total area. The secondary factor corresponded to two soybean varieties: medium and late cycle variety. In addition, three control treatments were made: one of corn and two of soybeans. The corn cutoff point was at the hard farinaceous stage when the milk line reaches half the grain, and in the sole crop soybean at the R5.5 final phase of grain filling. Silage was stored in PVC experimental silos for 60 days. The intercropped treatments, in both spatial arrangements, promoted increases in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents. Soybean monoculture presented high values of crude protein and ethereal extract. There were higher effluent losses in medium-cycle soybean variety silage when it was grown in single cropping. However, the lowest effluent losses were recorded for silages of medium-cycle soybean intercropped under a double row pre-sowing corn fertilization system. The soybeans mixed silages produced together with corn under off-season conditions did not yield satisfactory results.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho adequar o sistema de consórcio entre milho com tolerância ao herbicida glifosato (RR - Roundup Ready) e soja RR para obtenção de silagem de qualidade em condições do Cerrado brasileiro. A pesquisa foi conduzida na safrinha entre fevereiro e junho de 2015, em Rio Verde, Goiás (Brasil). A pluviosidade do período experimental foi de 865mm e a temperatura média de 23,7°C. Realizou-se dois ensaios, adequando formas de adubação de semeadura, arranjo de plantas e cultivares. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2x2+3, com quatro repetições, sendo o fator primário duas modalidades de adubação de semeadura na linha: somente no milho, e em área total; o fator secundário correspondeu a duas variedades de soja: ciclo médio e tardio; mais três testemunhas: uma de milho e duas de soja. O ponto de corte do milho foi no estádio farináceo duro quando a linha do leite atinge metade do grão, e na soja em monocultivo no estádio fenológico R5.5, fase final de enchimento de grãos. Armazenou-se a silagem em silos experimentais de PVC por 60 dias. Os tratamentos de consórcio em ambos os arranjos aumentaram os teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Os monocultivos de soja obtiveram valores elevados de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Ocorreu maior perda por efluente na silagem da variedade de soja de ciclo médio cultivada em monocultivo. No entanto, as menores perdas por efluente foram registradas para silagens de culturas de soja de ciclo médio consorciadas sob um sistema de fertilização pré-semeadura de linha de milho, no arranjo de linha dupla. A inserção de soja para produzir silagens mista juntamente com o milho em condições de safrinha não teve resultados satisfatórios.

Qualidade do leite na indústria de laticínios / The quality of the milk stored in dairy industries silos

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade das amostras de leite conservadas nos silos de estocagem de duas indústrias de laticínios, foram coletadas sete amostras da indústria A e seis da indústria B. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros CCS, CBT, composição centesimal, contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e acidez titulável. A comparação de resultados entre os tipos de amostra foi realizada por meio do teste F da análise de variância. As análises estatísticas foram feitas por meio do programa de software SISVAR. Foram encontradas más condições de higiene dos utensílios e equipamentos usados nos silos; a temperatura e o tempo de estocagem estavam acima dos respectivos limites máximos permitidos pela legislação. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as autoridades pertinentes não tem monitorado a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado recebido pelas indústrias de laticínios.

The present study analyzes the milk samples collected from the storing silos of two dairy industries,being seven samples from industry A and six from industry B. The SCC, TBC, centesimal composition,psychrotrophic microorganism counting and the titratable acidity were investigated. The results on typesof milk samples were statistically compared by means of test F of the variance analysis, employing theSISVAR software. Unsuitable hygienic conditions in appliances and equipments were found, and the milkstorage time-period and temperature were found to be over the respective maximum limits established by the legislation in force. Inadequate procedures in storing raw milk samples produce hazards that must bemitigated by monitoring the quality of products.

Influence of starch and casein administered postruminally on small intestinal sodium-glucose cotransport activity and expression

Twenty-four Holstein steer calves (88 ± 3kg) with abomasal catheters were randomly assigned within blocks to one of four treatments. The treatments consisted of four abomasal infusions: water (control), 4 g/kg BW.d-1 of partially hydrolyzed starch (SH), 0.6 g/kg BW.d-1 of casein, and a mix of SH + casein. The small intestine was collected and five equidistan, 1m sites were identified (duodenum, jejunum 1, jejunum 2 jejunum 3 and ileum). Maltase specific activity in mucosal homogenate and brush border membrane vesicles, SGLT1 protein abundance, and sodium-dependent glucose uptake in brush border membrane vesicles did not differ between the calves receiving different abomasal infusion treatments. However, maltase specific activity in homogenates and brush border membrane vesicles increased four-fold from the duodenum to the first jejunal site before declining steadily towards the ileum (p=0.0145 p=0.0020, respectively). The SGLT1 abundance differed by intestinal sampling site (p=0.0162). These data indicated that cattle might not have the ability to alter the capacity for glucose uptake when challenged with different substrates and that the regulation of SGLT1 expression could differ between bovine and other species.